What are the main signs of Pitra Dosh in a family?

The Brahma Purana identifies four primary signs: no son is born or sons do not survive; no family member stays free of illness for long; lifespans across generations are shortened; and the family is persistently deprived of happiness despite having resources. In everyday observation the signs include repeated miscarriages, delays in marriage that break for unexplained reasons, a chain of financial losses, recurring serious illness circulating among family members, and ancestors appearing distressed in dreams.